TwoOldGuys™ Study Guides
BI-114 BioConcepts for Teachers
3. Inheritance and Evolution
3.2. Mutation
based on Indiana's Academic Standards, Science,
as adopted by the Indiana State Board of Education, Nov 2000.
numbers refer to the age-appropriate grade-level for the content.
Review
- Mendel's Principles
- each individual gets one allele from each parent for each trait
- all individuals have two alleles for each trait
- alleles separate during gamete formation
- alleles recombine randomly during fertilization
- some alleles mask the other allele for the trait
- causing inheritance of traits from parent by offspring
Mutation
grades 5: to 8:
- fictional mutants
- super-heros with super powers
- miscellaneous monsters
- real mutants
- the laboratory white mouse [and white rat]
"wild type" is grey to black
- American Black Bear, cinnamon phase
- goldfish
"wild type" is tan to brown
- dwarf plants
short stem dandelions
tree species [Juniper] that grows as shrub
- giant plant
vine [poison ivy] that grows as shrub to small tree [poison oak]
- occur when genetic information is changed by environmental agents
- radiation [UV or X-Rays]
- some chemical pollutants
- changed information [allele] in one parent
- offspring gets
one normal allele from one parent,
mutant allele from other parent
- mutant allele behaves just like normal allele
during gamete formation and fertilization
- offspring with mutant allele may produce unusual appearance
grades secondary: to college:
Mutation = "Any change in the allele for a trait"
- somatic line
- affects only the individual, usually only part of the individual
- patches of different color in skin
- cancer
- germ line
- affects only future generations
- expression may shift to alternate for trait
- may create new expression
causes:
- some organic chemicals
- pesticides (biocides)
- byproducts of tobacco & "recreational" drugs
- food additives, prescription drugs
- radiation (ionizing, high-energy)
- nuclear (gamma rays, alpha & beta particles)
- x-rays and cosmic rays
- Ultraviolet light
(UVa, UVb, UVc)
- even visible light (Blue, Indigo, Violet)
- NOT microwaves, radio waves, power lines
- spontaneous
- errors in DNA replication
- errors in mitosis or meiosis
- "other" (unknown)
- actually includes the above (spontaneous)
expected history of mutation
caused by atomic bomb
at Hiroshima or Nagasaki |
| year |
|
relative
spouse |
genotype |
phenotype |
| 1948 |
P-1 |
none
MM |
he: Mm
she: MM |
normal
normal |
| 1968 |
F-1 |
sibling
MM |
MM= 50%
Mm= 50%
mm= 0% |
normal= 50%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 0% |
| 1988 |
F-2 |
1st cousin
MM |
MM= 50%
Mm= 50%
mm= 0% |
normal= 50%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 0% |
| 2008 |
F-3 |
2nd cousin
MM |
MM= 50%
Mm= 50%
mm= 0% |
normal= 50%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 0% |
| 2028 |
F-4 |
3rd cousin
MM |
MM= 50%
Mm= 50%
mm= 0% |
normal= 50%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 0% |
| 2048 |
F-5 |
4th cousin
MM |
MM= 50%
Mm= 50%
mm= 0% |
normal= 50%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 0% |
| 2068 |
F-6 |
5th cousin
Mm (5th cuz) |
MM= 25%
Mm= 50%
mm= 25% |
normal= 25%
carrier= 50%
mutant= 25% |
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